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why will a LDL (low-density lipoprotein )only attach to certain areas on a plasma membrane of a cell?

and do you know the process by which the LDL enters the cell
thank you

The study of LDL uptake was done by Brown & Goldstein. Using that system as a model, they discovered receptor-mediated endocytosis, and they got the Nobel prize for it, sometime in the 1970′s, I think. They did a series of really ingenious experiments to figure all this out.

LDL will bind to a specific LDL receptor on the surface of the cell. The receptor is an integral membrane protein, and it has a cytoplasmic and extracellular domain. The LDL binds the extracellular side, of course. Then an adapter complex called ARH binds to an internalization signal sequence on the cytoplasmic side of the receptor. Through a process that is not well understood, ARH induces clustering of LDL receptors on the surface of the membrane. You can label LDL with iron and then with electron microscopy you can see these accumulations of it on the cell surface. In some people with familial hypercholesterolemia, they have defective ARH that won’t cluster. These people can’t take LDL into their cells, and as a result it builds up in the blood and causes very severe cardiac disease.

But I digress…

ARH then recruits an adaptor complex called AP-2. AP-2 has several jobs, and kind of glues everything together. It binds ARH, phospholipids in the membrane, and the LDL receptor. It also recruits clathrin. Clathrin molecules link together as they bind AP-2. As they link up, they pull everything close together and that causes a pit to form in the membrane. This is referred to as a “clathrin coated pit.” As more clathrin binds, the pit gets deeper and deeper, and it eventually forms a vesicle bud with a small stem. At this point a protein called dynamin wraps around the stem and pinches it off, releasing the clathrin-coated vesicle into the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, the clathrin coat falls off the vesicle, and it gets trafficked to an endosome where all the LDL gets broken down.

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